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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐     REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒     ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

OR

☐     TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________.

OR

☐     SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-35224

Xunlei Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

3709 Baishi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000

The People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Naijiang (Eric) Zhou, Chief Financial Officer

Telephone: +86-0755 61111571

Email: zhounaijiang@xunlei.com

3709 Baishi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000

The People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

*      Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The NASDAQ Global Select Market of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 325,047,736 common shares (excluding (i) 39,064,775 common shares that are (a) issued to our depositary bank for the purpose of bulk issuance, or (b) repurchased by the company, and (ii) 1,370,285 common shares representing 274,057 ADSs and 9,519,144 common shares held by Leading Advice Holdings Limited, a share incentive awards holding platform) as of December 31, 2022.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards^† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☐

†   The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes ☐ No ☐

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INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

We use U.S. dollar as reporting currency in our financial statements and in this annual report. Transactions in Renminbi are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occur. Solely for the convenience of the reader, the translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars contained in this annual report were made at RMB6.9646 to US$1.00, the rate released by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the People’s Republic of China on December 31, 2022. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to,” “project,” “continue,” “potential,” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with other sections of this annual report, in particular the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a rapidly evolving environment. New risks emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statement. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law.

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PART I

Item 1.   Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

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Item 2.   Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

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Item 3.   Key Information

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entity

Xunlei Limited is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in its variable interest entity. We conduct our operations in China through (i) our PRC subsidiaries, and (ii) the variable interest entity, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements and its subsidiaries in China. PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in value-added telecommunication service, and prohibit foreign investment in internet cultural operating service and online transmission of audio-visual programs service. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in China through the variable interest entity, and rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entity and its shareholders to control the business operations of the variable interest entity. Revenues contributed by the variable interest entity accounted for 99.99%, 95.47% and 88.12% of our total revenues in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refer to Xunlei Limited, its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the variable interest entity in China, Shenzhen Xunlei Networking Technologies Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Xunlei, which was established in January 2003 to operate our Xunlei internet platform together with its various subsidiaries in the PRC. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entity in China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

A series of contractual agreements, including business operation agreement, equity pledge agreement, powers of attorney, exclusive technology support and services agreement, exclusive technology consulting and training agreement, proprietary technology license contract, intellectual properties purchase option agreement, equity interests disposal agreement, and loan agreements, have been entered into by and among our subsidiary, the variable interest entity and its shareholders. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders are substantially similar. As a result of the contractual arrangements, we have effective control over and are considered the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity, and we have consolidated the financial results of the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Agreements that provide us effective control over Shenzhen Xunlei.”

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as ownership in providing us with control over the variable interest entity and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. In addition, these agreements have not been tested in PRC courts. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity in China and its shareholders for our operations, which may not be as effective as ownership in providing operational control the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries” and “—The shareholders of Shenzhen Xunlei may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business.”

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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including the variable interest entity and our principal subsidiaries and principal subsidiaries of the variable interest entity, as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F:

Notes:

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There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding the status of the rights of our PRC subsidiaries with respect to its contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If our PRC subsidiaries or any of the variable interest entity is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our businesses in China do not comply with PRC governmental restrictions on foreign investment in internet-related business and foreign investors’ mergers and acquisition activities in China, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the variable interest entity and our company as a whole. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. Our business operations are primarily conducted in China, and we are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on our future offshore offerings (if any), anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be of little or no value. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be of little or no value. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

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The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries, variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries, variable interest entity and its subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in China, including, among others, the value-added telecommunication services license, or VATS License and Online Culture Operation Permit. However, given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practices of relevant government authorities, we cannot assure you that we have obtained or will obtain all permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China. For example, neither Shenzhen Wangwenhua, an entity that operates a live streaming business, nor Shenzhen Xunlei, an entity that provides video content display services, is a registered owner of the license for online transmission of audio-visual programs. As a result, it is possible that relevant PRC government authorities could determine that these businesses are operating without sufficient licenses. In addition, we are in the process of application for the registration in the National Internet Audio-Visual Platforms Information Management System under the requirement of Notice 78 (defined below) for operating a live streaming business and providing video content display services. We may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Business—We are strictly regulated in China. Any lack of requisite licenses or permits applicable to our businesses or to our third-party services providers and any changes in government policies or regulations may have a material and adverse impact on our businesses, financial condition and results of operations.”

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In addition, our online game operating subsidiaries, Shenzhen Wangwenhua, Shenzhen Xunlei and Xunlei Games, have obtained a VATS License for operating our online games; and Shenzhen Xunlei, holding 100% of the equity interest in Shenzhen Wangwenhua and 70% of the equity interest in Xunlei Games, has obtained an Internet Publishing Services License for the publication of internet games, which expired on September 17, 2022 and is in the process of renewal. However, neither Shenzhen Wangwenhua nor Xunlei Games has obtained an Internet Publishing Services License. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practices of relevant government authorities, we cannot assure you that Shenzhen Wangwenhua and Xunlei Games are not required to obtain Internet Publishing Services Licenses as well. In addition, we cannot assure you that Shenzhen Xunlei will successfully renew its Internet Publishing Services License. As a result, relevant PRC government authorities may find that certain of our online game operating subsidiaries are engaged in internet publishing services without having the proper license and may penalize us accordingly. In such event, Shenzhen Xunlei, Shenzhen Wangwenhua and Xunlei Games could be ordered to cease the operations of such game publishing services, including to the extent of discontinuing our online games business operated by them, and could be subject to confiscation of illegal income and major equipment, or to fines. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Business—We may not be able to successfully address the challenges and risks we face in the online games market, such as a failure to operate popular, high-quality games or to obtain all the licenses required to operate online games, which may subject us to penalties from the relevant authorities, including the discontinuance of our online game business.”

Furthermore, in connection with our previous issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we, our PRC subsidiaries and the variable interest entity, (i) are not required to obtain permissions from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and (iii) have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority.

However, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of and the filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings (if any) under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval.”

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

Under PRC laws, Xunlei Limited may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, and to our PRC consolidated variable interest entity only through loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable registration and approval requirements from the PRC government. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Xunlei Limited extended a loan of RMB245.0 million to its subsidiaries in China and a loan of US$70.0 million directly to its consolidated variable interest entity in China. For the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our consolidated variable interest entity received debt financing of US$2.5 million, US$23.5 million and US$25.5 million from our WFOE, respectively.

Xunlei Limited is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our PRC subsidiaries, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in China. As a result, Xunlei Limited’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our subsidiaries and the variable interest entity in China is required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Any limitation on the ability of Giganology Shenzhen and Xunlei Computer to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

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Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entity are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. The restricted amounts include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries and the net assets of our consolidated variable interest entity in which we have no legal ownership, totaling US$168.5 million, US$169.2 million and US$172.1 million as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. For details, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from making loans to our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity and its subsidiaries or making additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which may materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

In the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization.

Xunlei Limited has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on its common shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For the material Cayman Islands, PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or common shares, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”

The following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid within mainland China, assuming that:

(i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future:

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The table above is based on the assumption that all profits of the VIE will be distributed as fees to our PRC subsidiaries under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the VIE exceed the service fees paid to our PRC subsidiaries (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the intercompany entities is determined to be non-substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the VIE could make a non-deductible transfer to our PRC subsidiaries for the amounts of the stranded cash in the VIE. This would result in the double taxation of earnings: once at the VIE level (non-deductible expense) and again at the WFOE level (for presumptive earnings on the transfer). This has the impact of reducing the amount available above from 67.5% to approximately 50.6% of pre-tax income, respectively. We believe that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen.

Financial Information Related to Our Consolidated Variable Interest Entity

The following table presents the condensed consolidating schedule of financial information of Xunlei Limited (or the Parent), the WFOE (which is the primary beneficiary of the VIE), our other subsidiaries (excluding the WFOE), and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and as of the dates presented.

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

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